New Zealand Literature Review, Outline
Here is my outline for the literature review on New Zealand's community, language, and culture. Next I will organize the outline and start a first draft.
Introduction
Hook sentence:
Statement of Purpose:
The purpose of this literature review is to provide a concise overview of the community, language, and culture in New Zealand.
Geography and Physical Features
– Country (Global Hotel Reservations, 2006) (Wikipedia, 2006)
– Southwestern Pacific Ocean (Wikipedia, 2006)
– Geographically isolated: separated from Australia to northwest by Tasman Sea by about 2000 kilometers (Wikipedia, 2006)
– closest neighbours to the north are New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga
– 2 large islands, North Island and South Island, surrounded by many smaller islands including Stewart Island, the Chatham Islands, Cook Islands, and Niue (latter two are self-governing, separate from NZ, but in free association (Wikipedia, 2006)
– Capital City - Wellington (New Zealand on the Web, 2006, a)
– Triangle of Polynesia (anthropolgist term) – formed by New Zealand, Hawaii, and Easter Island
– Total population – about 4.1 million (Global Hotel Reservations, 2006) (New Zealand on the Web, 2006, a) (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, f) (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, m) (Wikipedia, 2006)
– one of the world's least crowded countries (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, f)
– Total land area – 268,680 square kilometers – slighly less than that of Italy and Japan, slightly more than United Kingdom (Global Hotel Reservations, 2006) (Wikipedia, 2006)
– Comparable in size and/or shape to Great Britain, Colorado or Japan (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, f)
– More than 1600 kilometers along main, north-north-east axis (15,134 kilometers of coastline) (Wikipedia, 2006)
– South Island – largest land mass (Wikipedia, 2006)
– divided by Southern Alps (Wikipedia, 2006)
– highest peak (in South and whole) - Aoraki/Mount Cook (Wikipedia, 2006)
– 18 peaks – more than 3000 meters (Wikipedia, 2006)
– North Island – less mountains, although more volcanic eruptions (Wikipedia, 2006)
– Tallest North Island mountain – Mount Ruapehu – active cone volcano (Wikipedia, 2006)
– more beaches (Wikipedia, 2006)
– Amazingly beautiful physical landscape (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, f) (Wikipedia, 2006)
– vast mountain chains, steaming volcanoes, sweeping coastlines, deeply indented fiords and lush rainforests (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, f)
– Sunrise over Mount Hikurangi on the East Coast – one of the first places in the world to see the sun. (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, q)
– Most spectacular sights to see:
– Auckland, the Bay of Islands, Rotorua thermal area, Fjordland Nat'l Park, Mt. Cook, Wellington. (New Zealand on the Web, 2006, a)
– Popular location for videotaping of television and films:
– Movies: Lord of Rings trilogy, The Last Samurai, King Kong, The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, The Witch and the Wardrobe, Heavenly Creatures various Indian movies (Wikipedia, 2006)
– TV shows: Hercules: The Legendary Journeys, Xena: Warrior Princess, The Tribe (Wikipedia, 2006)
– Weather/climate:
– Mild, mostly cool to warm temperatures (Wikipedia, 2006)
– Rarely fall below 0 degrees Celsius or above 30 degrees Celsius (Wikipedia, 2006)
– temperate climate with relatively small seasonal variation (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, f)
– Southern temperate zone (New Zealand on the Web, 2006, a)
– Neither excessively hot nor cold (New Zealand on the Web, 2006, a)
– Seasons reversed from N. Hemisphere (New Zealand on the Web, 2006, a)
– sunniest spots in New Zealand: Nelson and Blenheim (near the top of the South Island) (New Zealand on the Web, 2006, e)
– Politics:
– Constitutional monarch with parliamentary democracy (Global Hotel Reservations, 2006) (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, m) (Wikipedia, 2006)
– Elizabeth II - Queen of New Zealand - Head of State (Wikipedia, 2006)
– represented, in her absence, by non-partisan Governor-General
– 'reigns but does not rule' - no real political influence
– Political power is held by the democratically-elected Parliament of New Zealand under the leadership of the Prime Minister who is the Head of Government (Wikipedia, 2006)
– New Zealand is the only country in the world in which all the highest offices in the land have been occupied simultaneously by women, between March 2005 and August 2006 - The Sovereign, Queen Elizabeth II; Governor-General Dame Silvia Cartwright; Prime Minister Helen Clark; Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives Margaret Wilson; and Chief Justice Dame Sian Elias (Wikipedia, 2006)
– Economy:
– GDP - $101.685 billion (2005) (Wikipedia, 2006)
– High standard of living with GDP per capita - $26,400 (compared to Australia - $31,900 and US - $41,800) (Wikipedia, 2006)
– Currency: unit - New Zealand dollar (NZ$) (New Zealand on the Web, 2006, a) (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, k)
– Coins have values of 10, 20 and 50 cents, $1 and $2 (New Zealand on the Web, 2006, a) (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, k)
– notes have values of $5, $10, $20, $50 and $100. (New Zealand on the Web, 2006, a) (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, k)
– Goods and Services Tax: All goods and services are subject to a 12.5 percent Goods and Services Tax (GST) included in the displayed price (New Zealand on the Web, 2006, a) (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, k)
– Trade:
– Heavily depdendent on trade (especially argricultural) (Wikipedia, 2006)
– Roughly 20% produced is exported (Wikipedia, 2006)
– Major export industries – argriculture, horticulture, fishing, forestry (Wikipedia, 2006)
– Unemployment rate: second lowest (improvement) (Wikipedia, 2006)
– Economic challenges:
– Net export of educated youth (Wikipedia, 2006)
– Slow development of non-commodity exports (Wikipedia, 2006)
– Indifferent attitudes of labor productivity (Wikipedia, 2006)
– Poverty rate – roughly 20% (Wikipedia, 2006)
Community
– Healthy community:
– Transparency International ranking – one of least corrupt countries (Wikipedia, 2006)
– High ratings in:
– Political and press freedom, GDP per capita, Human Development Index, , Literacy Rate, Unemployment Rate, Lack of Corruption, Economic Freedom
– European descent - Majority of population (80%) - (Wikipedia, 2006)
– Referred to as Pakeha – some Maori use the term when referring to all non-Maori New Zealanders
– Most are British and Irish ancestry – less are Dutch, South Slav, Italian
– Māori
– Indigenous, native to NZ (Global Hotel Reservations, 2006) (Wikipedia, 2006)
– largest minority (Wikipedia, 2006)
– full or part-Maori ancestry – 14.7% of total NZ population (Wikipedia, 2006)
– First arrived in waka hourua (voyaging canoes) from Hawaiki (ancestral homeland) over 1,000 years ago (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, n) (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, i) (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, j)
– Maori language – New Zealand reffered to as Aotearoa – translation – Land of the Long White Cloud (Wikipedia, 2006) (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, l) (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, m)
– language and culture has a major impact on all facets of New Zealand life (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, n)
– Non-Māori (Polynesian and Asian) - also significant minorities – particularly in NZ cities (Wikipedia, 2006) (Wikipedia, 2006)
– Asian – 6.6% (1996-2001) (Wikipedia, 2006)
– Immigration:
– Open policy – gov’t commited to increasing population by about 1% annually
– Most immigrants – from UK (30%) (Wikipedia, 2006)
– Other large immigrant groups: East Asia (Chinese, Japanese, Korean), Southeast Asia, India (Wikipedia, 2006)
– Religion:
– Christianity – predominant – 75% (Global Hotel Reservations, 2006) (Wikipedia, 2006)
– Christian denominations: Anglicanism, Roman Cathocalism, Presbyterianism, Methodism (Wikipedia, 2006)
– Significant minority religions: Pentecostal, Baptist, LDS, Ratana (Maori), Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, Judaism (Wikipedia, 2006)
–
Language
– English:
– Common, everyday language (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, h)
– Maori:
– Native language – everyday language until European colonization (New Zealand on the Web, 2006, b)
– became an official language in 1987 (New Zealand Tourism Online, 2006)
– only spoken in New Zealand and nowhere else in the world (New Zealand Tourism Online, 2006)
– 1840 Treaty of Waitangi, Queen Victoria promised the Maori that their language would be protected (New Zealand Tourism Online, 2006)
– NZ - commonly used in the media and at school (New Zealand Tourism Online, 2006)
– A recent survey by the New Zealand government shows about 130,000 people speak some Maori. (New Zealand Tourism Online, 2006)
– Unique to NZ (Wikipedia, 2006)
– History - community language limited to few remote areas during post-war
– Modern – renaissance – greatly expanded in use (Wikipedia, 2006)
– Due to Maori language medium in schools, Maori television channel (nation-wide channel) – sometimes with sub-titles in English (Wikipedia, 2006)
– The Guinness Book of World Records - Longest geographical name in the world (Maori word):
– Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateapokaiwhenuakitanatahu (Wikipedia, 2006)
– Phonetics (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, j)
– Five vowel sounds: a e i o u (‘a’ as in ‘car’, ‘e’ as in ‘egg’, ‘i’ like the ‘ee’ in ‘tee’, ‘o’ as in ‘four’, ‘u’ like an ‘o’ in ‘to’)
– eight consonants in Māori similar to those in English — ‘h’, ‘k’, ‘m’, ‘n’, ‘p’, ‘r’, ‘t’, and ‘w’
– two different consonants — ‘wh’ and ‘ng’. Many Māori pronounce the ‘wh’ sound similar to our ‘f’
– ‘ng’ is similar to our own ‘ng’ sound in a word like ‘sing’, except that in Māori, words can start with ‘ng’
– Kia ora = Gidday! (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, j)
– Common phrases: (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, j)
Kia ora — Hello
Kia ora tatou — Hello everyone
Tena koe — Greetings to you (said to one person)
Tena koutou — Greeting to you all
Haere mai — Welcome
Nau mai — Welcome
Kei te pehea koe? — How’s it going?
Kei te pai — Good
Tino pai — Really good
Haere ra — Farewell
Ka kite ano — Until I see you again (Bye)
Hei konei ra — See you later (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, j)
–
– Taught in schools
– Some subjects taught in Maori and English (bilingual education) [*** - CHECK ****]. Statistics New Zealand. *** - CHECK ***].
– Some subjects taught in Maori (immersion education) [*** - CHECK ****]. Statistics New Zealand. *** - CHECK ***].
– Maori language – most often taught as separate subject [*** - CHECK ****]. Statistics New Zealand. *** - CHECK ***]
– preschool children are encouraged to speak in Māori. Primary and secondary schools build on this early immersion by including Māori in the curriculum (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, l)
– Recently, introduction of Māori language nests (kohanga reo) has revived the Māori language (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, l)
Culture
– Cultural influences:
– From English, Scottish, Irish, Maori (Samoan, Tongan, Tokelaun, Niueuan, Cook Islands Maori, Tahitian, Hawaiian), Polynesian, Southern Asian (Indian), Southeast Asian (Filipino, Malaysian, Cambodian, Vietnamese), East Asian (Chinese, Korean, Japanese) (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, b) (Wikipedia, 2006)
– From Scotland – bag pipe bands (Wikipedia, 2006)
– Cultural ties between NZ and UK – maintained through common language and migration (Wikipedia, 2006)
Common Characteristics of New Zealanders:
– background of quiet but rugged individualism, self-reliance, and a genius for invention (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, p)
– quiet and independent, yet resourceful and self-reliant, with a famous ‘Kiwi ingenuity’ (discover and invent things) (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, p, ¶ 2)
– Most famous inventions: (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, p)
– frozen meat, the Hamilton Jet boat, and the bungy jump
– Other famous inventions: (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, p)
– tranquilliser gun, seismic ‘base’ isolators (rubber and lead blocks which minimise earthquake damage), electric fences, the fastest motorbike in the world, freezer vacuum pumps, stamp vending machines, wide-toothed shearing combs, and the electronic petrol pump
– Many others (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, p)
– Kiwiana:
– Kiwiana - weird and quirky things from years gone by that contribute to our sense of nationhood — our kiwi/national identity (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, g)
– Major Kiwiana icons: Gumboots, ‘Buzzy Bee’ toys, marching girls, a meringue dessert, shell ashtrays, and a cookbook (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, g)
– Kiwi: (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, g)
– flightless nocturnal native bird
– national bird of New Zealand
– long beak with nostrils on the end
– fossicks about at night feeding on small insects
– hisotircally, New Zealanders have become known as ‘Kiwis’ as well
– Referring to New Zealanders as Kiwis probably dates back to the First World War, when New Zealand soldiers first acquired this nickname. (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, m)
– New Zealand dollar, is frequently called ’the kiwi’ The dollar coin features a kiwi bird on one side. (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, m)
– ‘kiwi’ mentalilty/sense of humour (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, g)
– ‘do-it-yourself’ attitude
– Kiwiana means the things that contribute to our sense of being Kiwi
– Kiwifruit (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, g) (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, m)
– Chinese origin
– grows throughout New Zealand
– originally called a ‘Chinese Gooseberry’ by New Zealanders
– called “kiwifruit” once NZ started exporting it
– kiwifruit branded ‘Zespri’ – from NZ
– Common sportsmanship:
– strong egalitarian values and sense of fair play and teamwork
– co-operative ‘whanau’ (extended family) structure of Maori society (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, p)
– make-up of early Pakeha (Europeans) society (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, p)
– many European immigrants came to New Zealand to escape the class system (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, p)
– one of the earliest countries to grant women the right to vote and has a strong trade union tradition (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, p)
– after two world wars, ‘mateship’ — become a prized social value in NZ (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, p)
– Mateship evident in NZ sports:
– Rugby football - most popular spectator sport in New Zealand (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, p)
– legendary All Blacks have won the World Cup once and been a finalist twice (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, p)
Global economy and technology:
– adopted trends in technology, globalism, and urbanization (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, p)
– Per head of population, New Zealanders are some of the highest mobile phone and Internet users in the world. They also read the most newspapers (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, p)
Economy and Industries:
– vast rural population and farming is a major export earner (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, p)
– traditional exports of wool, meat, and dairy products are still very strong (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, p)
– Major Industries: Food processing, wood and paper products, wool, textiles, dairy products, iron and steel, machinery, tourism (Global Hotel Reservations, 2006)
– new products, including Cervena (New Zealand venison), flowers, fruit, biotechnology, and wine are now also contributing greatly to our exports (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, p)
– farming sector have diversified and embraced technology, making New Zealand one of the most productive and efficient agricultural producers in the world (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, p)
Art:
– passion for dreaming things up, playing with ideas and interpreting the world in unexpected ways (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, c)
– unique brand of creativity from a fusion of diverse societies, including Maori, English, Scottish, Irish, Polynesian and Asian (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, c)
– caused by controlled discipline of western culture meets the emotive mysticism of the Pacific Rim region (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, c)
– Galleries and museums (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, c)
– Wellington's Te Papa - newest and most ground-breaking
– World of Wearable Art complex in Nelson – creative blend of wearable art exhibits and collectable motor vehicles
– Music:
– Influences from Maori and immigrants from Pacific region (Wikipedia, 2006)
– Origins from British colonization (European and American influences) (Wikipedia, 2006)
– Local artists – combined above styles (local and colonized) – unique New Zealand music style (Wikipedia, 2006)
– World of WearableArt Awards combines textile art, fashion design, sculpture and storytelling into one magnificent live show. Another event that showcases creativity is Auckland’s Pasifika Festival, where traditional Polynesian music and dancing is juxtaposed with locally produced funk, soul and rap music (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, c)
– "God Defend New Zealand" (National Anthem) (New Zealand on the Web, 2006, d)
– Fashion (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, c)
– Dynamic, vibrant sense/styles of fashion:
– range of influences, including those of Maori and the Pacific Islands (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, a)
– New Zealand Fashion Week (series of public events)
– Exhibition
– ‘Best of Fashion Week’ show
– Dunedin’s Fashion Week
– Takes place every March in the historic railway station
– Innovative clothing apparel
– Food/cuisine/culinary (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, e)
– Blend of Europian, Thai, Malaysian, Indonesian, Polynesian, Japanese and Vietnamese (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, e)
– distinctly New Zealand style: lamb, pork, salmon, crayfish, Bluff oysters, paua (abalone), mussels and scallops; kumara (sweet potato); kiwifruit and tamarillo and pavlova (national dessert) (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, e)
– Pavlova - meringue and lashings of fresh whipped cream topped with fresh fruit or berries (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, e)
– History/background: ***
– Restaurants:
– Improved in popularity immensely:
– Wellington has more restaurant seats per head than New York City (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, p)
– Some fine dining/elegant/silver-service (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, e)
– more popular - cafe-bar dining (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, e)
– international food popularity: Japanese, Indian, Halal, Italian, Mexican, Chinese, Malaysian, and Thai (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, e)
– more than 900 Asian restaurants throughout New Zealand (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, e)
– Wines:
– whites wines (Chardonnay and Sauvignon Blanc) - achieved an international reputation for excellence – red wines also becoming popular (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, e)
– Bars/lounges/night-clubs (night-life) and entertainment
– Most night-spots, restaurants and cafes serve liquor seven days a week (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, e)
– Age of majority: 18 years old (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, e)
– variety of night-clubs, cabarets, pubs, concerts and live performances (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, e)
– 4 casinos, in Auckland, Christchurch, Dunedin and Queenstown (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, e)
– All public places – non-smoking (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, e)
– first-class concerts and shows (Theatre, orchestral concerts, ballet, rock and jazz) (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, e)
– Sports:
– Rugby – national sport (Wikipedia, 2006)
– Other popular sports: cricket, netball, lawn bowling, soccer, golf, tennis, cycling, softball, surfing, sailing, whitewater kayaking, surf lifesaving sills, rowing, skiing, snowboarding, equestrian (Wikipedia, 2006)
– Hiking, mountaineering, kayaking (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, p)
– Leisure recreation: trip to the beach, bush walk, hiking, mountain climbing (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, p)
– Olympics and Commonwealth Games:
– Very successful – medals-to-population ratio (Wikipedia, 2006)
– many Olympic medals for yachting, windsurfing, kayaking, and rowing (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, p)
– Maori culture:
– rich and varied culture (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, j) (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, n)
– combination of traditional and contemporary arts:
– carving, weaving, kapa haka (group performance), whaikorero (oratory), and moko (tattoo) (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, n)
– art, film, television, poetry, theatre, hip-hop (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, j)
– (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, n)
– marae describes a communal 'plaza' area that includes a wharenui (meeting house) and wharekai (dining room) (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, l)
– marae provides a focus for social, cultural and spiritual life (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, l)
– Māori people define themselves by their iwi (tribe), hapu (sub-tribe), maunga (mountain) and awa (river). Whanau is the name given to family - the term embraces immediate family, in-laws and all those connected by blood ties (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, l)
– Traditional story/myth/legend telling by elders (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, j) (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, l)
– Creation of oral history
– continues today
– teaching of tribal lore, etiquette and genealogy
– form the basis of Māori beliefs
– Māori creation story: (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, j)
– world was formed by the violent separation of Ranginui, the Sky Father, and Papatuanuku, the Earth Mother, by their children
many Māori carvings and artworks graphically depict this struggle. (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, j)
– Story e.g., story of how Maui fished up the North Isl and [ The Story of He Ika A Maui] and how the saddleback got it's name [ The Story of Maui and Tieke], Fishing Up An Island (see Appendix A) (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, j)
– ancient stories are now understood and respected by NZ political leaders
– Traditional wood carving carvers (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, l)
– creates intricate works that tell stories and keep history alive
– stories from carvings can be dictated by those who know how (using/judging by shape of the heads, position of the body as well as the surface patterns work together to record and remember events)
– Powhiri (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, o)
– ceremony of welcome extended to visitors by Maori (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, j) (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, o)
– purpose: to ward off evil spirits and unite both visitor and host in an environment of friendship and peace
– Translation:
– Po - venture into the "unknown" or a new experience
– Whiri - derived from the term Whiriwhiri meaning the act or experience of exchanging information and knowledge
– “A powhiri (formal welcome) at a marae begins with wero (challenge) A warrior from the tangata whenua (hosts) will challenge the manuhiri (guests). He may carry a spear (taiaha) then lay down a token (often a small branch) that the manuhiri will pick up to show they come in peace. Some kuia (women) from the tangata whenua (hosts) will perform a karanga (call/chant) to the manuhiri. Women from the manuhiri will then respond as they move onto the marae in front of their men” (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, j, ¶ 10)
– “Once inside the wharenui (meeting house) on the marae, mihimihi (greetings) and whaikorero (speeches) are made. To reinforce the good wishes of the speeches, waiata (songs) may be sung. It is usual for the manuhiri then present a koha (gift) to the tangata whenua after greeting the hosts with a hongi — the ceremonial touching of noses. After the powhiri, kai (food) may be shared” (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, j, ¶ 11)
– Arrival of Maori art to America (August 4, 2005)
– art and artisans from New Zealand brought and showcased art to San Francisco
– specifics: Ohlone tribe of California welcomed the fully-manned waka (canoe) Te Ika a Maui on the beach at San Francisco's Maritime Park (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, i)
– event is now over, but part of the exhibition continues to tour the US (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, i)
Summary
References
Global Hotel Reservations (2006). Country fact sheet. Retrieved December 14, 2006, from http://www.discountworldhotels.net/newzealand/
New Zealand on the Web. (2006, a). Facts about New Zealand. Retrieved January 6, 2007, from http://www.nz.com/new-zealand/guide-book/facts.aspx
New Zealand on the Web. (2006, b). Language in New Zealand. Retrieved January 6, 2007, from http://www.nz.com/new-zealand/guide-book/language/
New Zealand Tourism Online (2006, c). New Zealand language. Retrieved December 14, 2006, from http://www.tourism.net.nz/new-zealand/about-new-zealand/language.html
New Zealand on the Web. (2006, d). New Zealand National Anthem. Retrieved January 6, 2007, from http://www.nz.com/new-zealand/guide-book/music/
New Zealand on the Web. (2006, e). New Zealand Weather Information. Retrieved January 6, 2007, from http://www.nz.com/new-zealand/guide-book/weather/index.aspx
Te Puni Kokiri. (2000). Maori language and culture statistics. Retrieved, December 11, 2006, from http://www.tpk.govt.nz/maori/language/education.asp
Tourism New Zealand. (2006, a). Arts. Retrieved December 14, 2006, from http://www.newzealand.com/travel/about-nz/culture/culture-arts.cfm
Tourism New Zealand. (2006, b). Arts, culture, and heritage. Retrieved December 14, 2006, from http://www.newzealand.com/travel/sights-activities/activities/arts-culture-heritage/arts-culture-and-heritage-home.cfm
Tourism New Zealand. (2006, c). Creative New Zealand. Retrieved December 14, 2006, from http://www.newzealand.com/travel/about-nz/culture/arts-and-culture-feature/creative-new-zealand.cfm
Tourism New Zealand. (2006, e). Entertainment. Retrieved December 14, 2006, from http://www.newzealand.com/travel/about-nz/key-facts/key-facts-entertainment.cfm
Tourism New Zealand. (2006, f). Key facts introduction. Retrieved December 14, 2006, from http://www.newzealand.com/travel/about-nz/key-facts/new-zealand-key-facts-home.cfm
Tourism New Zealand. (2006, g). Kiwiana. Retrieved December 14, 2006, from http://www.newzealand.com/travel/about-nz/culture/culture-kiwiana.cfm
Tourism New Zealand. (2006, h). Language. Retrieved December 14, 2006, from http://www.newzealand.com/travel/about-nz/key-facts/key-facts-language.cfm
Tourism New Zealand. (2006, i). Maori arts meets America. Retrieved December 14, 2006, from http://www.newzealand.com/travel/sights-activities/events-calendar/toi-maori/toi-maori.cfm
Tourism New Zealand. (2006, j). Maori culture. Retrieved December 14, 2006, from http://www.newzealand.com/travel/about-nz/culture/culture-maori-culture.cfm
Tourism New Zealand. (2006, k). Money matters. Retrieved December 14, 2006, from http://www.newzealand.com/travel/about-nz/key-facts/key-facts-money-matters.cfm
Tourism New Zealand. (2006, l). New Zealand's Tangata Whenua (People of the Land). Retrieved December 14, 2006, from http://www.newzealand.com/travel/about-nz/culture/maori-culture/index.cfm
Tourism New Zealand. (2006, m). People and history. Retrieved December 14, 2006, from http://www.newzealand.com/travel/about-nz/key-facts/key-facts-people-and-history.cfm
Tourism New Zealand. (2006, n). Power & Taboo: Sacred objects from the Pacific. Retrieved December 14, 2006, from http://www.newzealand.com/travel/about-nz/culture/power-&-taboo-maori-art-feature/power-&-taboo-sacred-objects-from-the-pacific.cfm
Tourism New Zealand. (2006, o). Powhiri: New Zealand’s welcoming spirit. Retrieved December 14, 2006, from http://www.newzealand.com/travel/about-nz/culture/powhiri/powhiri-introduction.cfm
Tourism New Zealand. (2006, p). The People. Retrieved December 14, 2006, from http://www.newzealand.com/travel/about-nz/culture/culture-the-people.cfm
Tourism New Zealand. (2006, q). Time differences. Retrieved December 14, 2006, from http://www.newzealand.com/travel/about-nz/key-facts/key-facts-time-differences.cfm
Wikipedia. (2006). New Zealand. Retrieved December 10, 2006, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand
EDITING NOTE: There are **____** references in this paper.
Appendix A
Ancient Maori Story: “Fishing Up An Island” (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, j, ¶ 13)
The creation of New Zealand is described by the legend of Maui. This god was a cheeky trickster who managed, among other things, to harness the sun in order to make the days longer. However, his biggest claim to fame was his fishing up of the North Island, which is described as Te Ika a Maui (the fish of Maui). A look at an aerial map of the North Island will show how closely it resembles a fish. Māori believe the far north to be the tail of the fish and Wellington Harbour the mouth. Māori describe the South Island as Maui’s waka (canoe) and Stewart Island (Rakiura) as his punga (anchor).
Appendix B
New Zealand National Anthem: God Defend New Zealand (New Zealand on the Web, 2006, d, ¶ 3)
God of nations! at Thy feet
In the bonds of love we meet,
Hear our voices, we entreat,
God defend our Free Land.
Guard Pacific's triple star,
From the shafts of strife and war,
Make her praises heard afar,
God defend New Zealand
Men of ev'ry creed and race
Gather here before Thy face,
Asking Thee to bless this place,
God defend our Free Land.
From dissension, envy, hate,
And corruption guard our State,
Make our country good and great,
God defend New Zealand.
Peace, not war, shall be our boast,
But, should foes assail our coast,
Make us then a mighty host,
God defend our Free Land.
Lord of battles in thy might,
Put our enemies to flight,
Let our cause be just and right,
God defend New Zealand.
Let our love for Thee increase,
May Thy blessings never cease,
Give us plenty, give us peace,
God defend our Free Land.
From dishonour and from shame
Guard our country's spotless name
Crown her with immortal fame,
God defend New Zealand.
May our mountains ever be
Freedom's ramparts on the sea,
Make us faithful unto Thee,
God defend our Free Land.
Guide her in the nations' van,
Preaching love and truth to man,
Working out Thy Glorious plan,
God defend New Zealand.
Introduction
Hook sentence:
Statement of Purpose:
The purpose of this literature review is to provide a concise overview of the community, language, and culture in New Zealand.
Geography and Physical Features
– Country (Global Hotel Reservations, 2006) (Wikipedia, 2006)
– Southwestern Pacific Ocean (Wikipedia, 2006)
– Geographically isolated: separated from Australia to northwest by Tasman Sea by about 2000 kilometers (Wikipedia, 2006)
– closest neighbours to the north are New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga
– 2 large islands, North Island and South Island, surrounded by many smaller islands including Stewart Island, the Chatham Islands, Cook Islands, and Niue (latter two are self-governing, separate from NZ, but in free association (Wikipedia, 2006)
– Capital City - Wellington (New Zealand on the Web, 2006, a)
– Triangle of Polynesia (anthropolgist term) – formed by New Zealand, Hawaii, and Easter Island
– Total population – about 4.1 million (Global Hotel Reservations, 2006) (New Zealand on the Web, 2006, a) (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, f) (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, m) (Wikipedia, 2006)
– one of the world's least crowded countries (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, f)
– Total land area – 268,680 square kilometers – slighly less than that of Italy and Japan, slightly more than United Kingdom (Global Hotel Reservations, 2006) (Wikipedia, 2006)
– Comparable in size and/or shape to Great Britain, Colorado or Japan (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, f)
– More than 1600 kilometers along main, north-north-east axis (15,134 kilometers of coastline) (Wikipedia, 2006)
– South Island – largest land mass (Wikipedia, 2006)
– divided by Southern Alps (Wikipedia, 2006)
– highest peak (in South and whole) - Aoraki/Mount Cook (Wikipedia, 2006)
– 18 peaks – more than 3000 meters (Wikipedia, 2006)
– North Island – less mountains, although more volcanic eruptions (Wikipedia, 2006)
– Tallest North Island mountain – Mount Ruapehu – active cone volcano (Wikipedia, 2006)
– more beaches (Wikipedia, 2006)
– Amazingly beautiful physical landscape (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, f) (Wikipedia, 2006)
– vast mountain chains, steaming volcanoes, sweeping coastlines, deeply indented fiords and lush rainforests (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, f)
– Sunrise over Mount Hikurangi on the East Coast – one of the first places in the world to see the sun. (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, q)
– Most spectacular sights to see:
– Auckland, the Bay of Islands, Rotorua thermal area, Fjordland Nat'l Park, Mt. Cook, Wellington. (New Zealand on the Web, 2006, a)
– Popular location for videotaping of television and films:
– Movies: Lord of Rings trilogy, The Last Samurai, King Kong, The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, The Witch and the Wardrobe, Heavenly Creatures various Indian movies (Wikipedia, 2006)
– TV shows: Hercules: The Legendary Journeys, Xena: Warrior Princess, The Tribe (Wikipedia, 2006)
– Weather/climate:
– Mild, mostly cool to warm temperatures (Wikipedia, 2006)
– Rarely fall below 0 degrees Celsius or above 30 degrees Celsius (Wikipedia, 2006)
– temperate climate with relatively small seasonal variation (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, f)
– Southern temperate zone (New Zealand on the Web, 2006, a)
– Neither excessively hot nor cold (New Zealand on the Web, 2006, a)
– Seasons reversed from N. Hemisphere (New Zealand on the Web, 2006, a)
– sunniest spots in New Zealand: Nelson and Blenheim (near the top of the South Island) (New Zealand on the Web, 2006, e)
– Politics:
– Constitutional monarch with parliamentary democracy (Global Hotel Reservations, 2006) (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, m) (Wikipedia, 2006)
– Elizabeth II - Queen of New Zealand - Head of State (Wikipedia, 2006)
– represented, in her absence, by non-partisan Governor-General
– 'reigns but does not rule' - no real political influence
– Political power is held by the democratically-elected Parliament of New Zealand under the leadership of the Prime Minister who is the Head of Government (Wikipedia, 2006)
– New Zealand is the only country in the world in which all the highest offices in the land have been occupied simultaneously by women, between March 2005 and August 2006 - The Sovereign, Queen Elizabeth II; Governor-General Dame Silvia Cartwright; Prime Minister Helen Clark; Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives Margaret Wilson; and Chief Justice Dame Sian Elias (Wikipedia, 2006)
– Economy:
– GDP - $101.685 billion (2005) (Wikipedia, 2006)
– High standard of living with GDP per capita - $26,400 (compared to Australia - $31,900 and US - $41,800) (Wikipedia, 2006)
– Currency: unit - New Zealand dollar (NZ$) (New Zealand on the Web, 2006, a) (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, k)
– Coins have values of 10, 20 and 50 cents, $1 and $2 (New Zealand on the Web, 2006, a) (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, k)
– notes have values of $5, $10, $20, $50 and $100. (New Zealand on the Web, 2006, a) (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, k)
– Goods and Services Tax: All goods and services are subject to a 12.5 percent Goods and Services Tax (GST) included in the displayed price (New Zealand on the Web, 2006, a) (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, k)
– Trade:
– Heavily depdendent on trade (especially argricultural) (Wikipedia, 2006)
– Roughly 20% produced is exported (Wikipedia, 2006)
– Major export industries – argriculture, horticulture, fishing, forestry (Wikipedia, 2006)
– Unemployment rate: second lowest (improvement) (Wikipedia, 2006)
– Economic challenges:
– Net export of educated youth (Wikipedia, 2006)
– Slow development of non-commodity exports (Wikipedia, 2006)
– Indifferent attitudes of labor productivity (Wikipedia, 2006)
– Poverty rate – roughly 20% (Wikipedia, 2006)
Community
– Healthy community:
– Transparency International ranking – one of least corrupt countries (Wikipedia, 2006)
– High ratings in:
– Political and press freedom, GDP per capita, Human Development Index, , Literacy Rate, Unemployment Rate, Lack of Corruption, Economic Freedom
– European descent - Majority of population (80%) - (Wikipedia, 2006)
– Referred to as Pakeha – some Maori use the term when referring to all non-Maori New Zealanders
– Most are British and Irish ancestry – less are Dutch, South Slav, Italian
– Māori
– Indigenous, native to NZ (Global Hotel Reservations, 2006) (Wikipedia, 2006)
– largest minority (Wikipedia, 2006)
– full or part-Maori ancestry – 14.7% of total NZ population (Wikipedia, 2006)
– First arrived in waka hourua (voyaging canoes) from Hawaiki (ancestral homeland) over 1,000 years ago (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, n) (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, i) (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, j)
– Maori language – New Zealand reffered to as Aotearoa – translation – Land of the Long White Cloud (Wikipedia, 2006) (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, l) (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, m)
– language and culture has a major impact on all facets of New Zealand life (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, n)
– Non-Māori (Polynesian and Asian) - also significant minorities – particularly in NZ cities (Wikipedia, 2006) (Wikipedia, 2006)
– Asian – 6.6% (1996-2001) (Wikipedia, 2006)
– Immigration:
– Open policy – gov’t commited to increasing population by about 1% annually
– Most immigrants – from UK (30%) (Wikipedia, 2006)
– Other large immigrant groups: East Asia (Chinese, Japanese, Korean), Southeast Asia, India (Wikipedia, 2006)
– Religion:
– Christianity – predominant – 75% (Global Hotel Reservations, 2006) (Wikipedia, 2006)
– Christian denominations: Anglicanism, Roman Cathocalism, Presbyterianism, Methodism (Wikipedia, 2006)
– Significant minority religions: Pentecostal, Baptist, LDS, Ratana (Maori), Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, Judaism (Wikipedia, 2006)
–
Language
– English:
– Common, everyday language (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, h)
– Maori:
– Native language – everyday language until European colonization (New Zealand on the Web, 2006, b)
– became an official language in 1987 (New Zealand Tourism Online, 2006)
– only spoken in New Zealand and nowhere else in the world (New Zealand Tourism Online, 2006)
– 1840 Treaty of Waitangi, Queen Victoria promised the Maori that their language would be protected (New Zealand Tourism Online, 2006)
– NZ - commonly used in the media and at school (New Zealand Tourism Online, 2006)
– A recent survey by the New Zealand government shows about 130,000 people speak some Maori. (New Zealand Tourism Online, 2006)
– Unique to NZ (Wikipedia, 2006)
– History - community language limited to few remote areas during post-war
– Modern – renaissance – greatly expanded in use (Wikipedia, 2006)
– Due to Maori language medium in schools, Maori television channel (nation-wide channel) – sometimes with sub-titles in English (Wikipedia, 2006)
– The Guinness Book of World Records - Longest geographical name in the world (Maori word):
– Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateapokaiwhenuakitanatahu (Wikipedia, 2006)
– Phonetics (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, j)
– Five vowel sounds: a e i o u (‘a’ as in ‘car’, ‘e’ as in ‘egg’, ‘i’ like the ‘ee’ in ‘tee’, ‘o’ as in ‘four’, ‘u’ like an ‘o’ in ‘to’)
– eight consonants in Māori similar to those in English — ‘h’, ‘k’, ‘m’, ‘n’, ‘p’, ‘r’, ‘t’, and ‘w’
– two different consonants — ‘wh’ and ‘ng’. Many Māori pronounce the ‘wh’ sound similar to our ‘f’
– ‘ng’ is similar to our own ‘ng’ sound in a word like ‘sing’, except that in Māori, words can start with ‘ng’
– Kia ora = Gidday! (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, j)
– Common phrases: (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, j)
Kia ora — Hello
Kia ora tatou — Hello everyone
Tena koe — Greetings to you (said to one person)
Tena koutou — Greeting to you all
Haere mai — Welcome
Nau mai — Welcome
Kei te pehea koe? — How’s it going?
Kei te pai — Good
Tino pai — Really good
Haere ra — Farewell
Ka kite ano — Until I see you again (Bye)
Hei konei ra — See you later (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, j)
–
– Taught in schools
– Some subjects taught in Maori and English (bilingual education) [*** - CHECK ****]. Statistics New Zealand. *** - CHECK ***].
– Some subjects taught in Maori (immersion education) [*** - CHECK ****]. Statistics New Zealand. *** - CHECK ***].
– Maori language – most often taught as separate subject [*** - CHECK ****]. Statistics New Zealand. *** - CHECK ***]
– preschool children are encouraged to speak in Māori. Primary and secondary schools build on this early immersion by including Māori in the curriculum (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, l)
– Recently, introduction of Māori language nests (kohanga reo) has revived the Māori language (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, l)
Culture
– Cultural influences:
– From English, Scottish, Irish, Maori (Samoan, Tongan, Tokelaun, Niueuan, Cook Islands Maori, Tahitian, Hawaiian), Polynesian, Southern Asian (Indian), Southeast Asian (Filipino, Malaysian, Cambodian, Vietnamese), East Asian (Chinese, Korean, Japanese) (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, b) (Wikipedia, 2006)
– From Scotland – bag pipe bands (Wikipedia, 2006)
– Cultural ties between NZ and UK – maintained through common language and migration (Wikipedia, 2006)
Common Characteristics of New Zealanders:
– background of quiet but rugged individualism, self-reliance, and a genius for invention (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, p)
– quiet and independent, yet resourceful and self-reliant, with a famous ‘Kiwi ingenuity’ (discover and invent things) (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, p, ¶ 2)
– Most famous inventions: (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, p)
– frozen meat, the Hamilton Jet boat, and the bungy jump
– Other famous inventions: (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, p)
– tranquilliser gun, seismic ‘base’ isolators (rubber and lead blocks which minimise earthquake damage), electric fences, the fastest motorbike in the world, freezer vacuum pumps, stamp vending machines, wide-toothed shearing combs, and the electronic petrol pump
– Many others (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, p)
– Kiwiana:
– Kiwiana - weird and quirky things from years gone by that contribute to our sense of nationhood — our kiwi/national identity (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, g)
– Major Kiwiana icons: Gumboots, ‘Buzzy Bee’ toys, marching girls, a meringue dessert, shell ashtrays, and a cookbook (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, g)
– Kiwi: (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, g)
– flightless nocturnal native bird
– national bird of New Zealand
– long beak with nostrils on the end
– fossicks about at night feeding on small insects
– hisotircally, New Zealanders have become known as ‘Kiwis’ as well
– Referring to New Zealanders as Kiwis probably dates back to the First World War, when New Zealand soldiers first acquired this nickname. (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, m)
– New Zealand dollar, is frequently called ’the kiwi’ The dollar coin features a kiwi bird on one side. (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, m)
– ‘kiwi’ mentalilty/sense of humour (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, g)
– ‘do-it-yourself’ attitude
– Kiwiana means the things that contribute to our sense of being Kiwi
– Kiwifruit (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, g) (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, m)
– Chinese origin
– grows throughout New Zealand
– originally called a ‘Chinese Gooseberry’ by New Zealanders
– called “kiwifruit” once NZ started exporting it
– kiwifruit branded ‘Zespri’ – from NZ
– Common sportsmanship:
– strong egalitarian values and sense of fair play and teamwork
– co-operative ‘whanau’ (extended family) structure of Maori society (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, p)
– make-up of early Pakeha (Europeans) society (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, p)
– many European immigrants came to New Zealand to escape the class system (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, p)
– one of the earliest countries to grant women the right to vote and has a strong trade union tradition (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, p)
– after two world wars, ‘mateship’ — become a prized social value in NZ (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, p)
– Mateship evident in NZ sports:
– Rugby football - most popular spectator sport in New Zealand (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, p)
– legendary All Blacks have won the World Cup once and been a finalist twice (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, p)
Global economy and technology:
– adopted trends in technology, globalism, and urbanization (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, p)
– Per head of population, New Zealanders are some of the highest mobile phone and Internet users in the world. They also read the most newspapers (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, p)
Economy and Industries:
– vast rural population and farming is a major export earner (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, p)
– traditional exports of wool, meat, and dairy products are still very strong (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, p)
– Major Industries: Food processing, wood and paper products, wool, textiles, dairy products, iron and steel, machinery, tourism (Global Hotel Reservations, 2006)
– new products, including Cervena (New Zealand venison), flowers, fruit, biotechnology, and wine are now also contributing greatly to our exports (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, p)
– farming sector have diversified and embraced technology, making New Zealand one of the most productive and efficient agricultural producers in the world (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, p)
Art:
– passion for dreaming things up, playing with ideas and interpreting the world in unexpected ways (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, c)
– unique brand of creativity from a fusion of diverse societies, including Maori, English, Scottish, Irish, Polynesian and Asian (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, c)
– caused by controlled discipline of western culture meets the emotive mysticism of the Pacific Rim region (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, c)
– Galleries and museums (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, c)
– Wellington's Te Papa - newest and most ground-breaking
– World of Wearable Art complex in Nelson – creative blend of wearable art exhibits and collectable motor vehicles
– Music:
– Influences from Maori and immigrants from Pacific region (Wikipedia, 2006)
– Origins from British colonization (European and American influences) (Wikipedia, 2006)
– Local artists – combined above styles (local and colonized) – unique New Zealand music style (Wikipedia, 2006)
– World of WearableArt Awards combines textile art, fashion design, sculpture and storytelling into one magnificent live show. Another event that showcases creativity is Auckland’s Pasifika Festival, where traditional Polynesian music and dancing is juxtaposed with locally produced funk, soul and rap music (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, c)
– "God Defend New Zealand" (National Anthem) (New Zealand on the Web, 2006, d)
– Fashion (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, c)
– Dynamic, vibrant sense/styles of fashion:
– range of influences, including those of Maori and the Pacific Islands (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, a)
– New Zealand Fashion Week (series of public events)
– Exhibition
– ‘Best of Fashion Week’ show
– Dunedin’s Fashion Week
– Takes place every March in the historic railway station
– Innovative clothing apparel
– Food/cuisine/culinary (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, e)
– Blend of Europian, Thai, Malaysian, Indonesian, Polynesian, Japanese and Vietnamese (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, e)
– distinctly New Zealand style: lamb, pork, salmon, crayfish, Bluff oysters, paua (abalone), mussels and scallops; kumara (sweet potato); kiwifruit and tamarillo and pavlova (national dessert) (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, e)
– Pavlova - meringue and lashings of fresh whipped cream topped with fresh fruit or berries (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, e)
– History/background: ***
– Restaurants:
– Improved in popularity immensely:
– Wellington has more restaurant seats per head than New York City (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, p)
– Some fine dining/elegant/silver-service (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, e)
– more popular - cafe-bar dining (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, e)
– international food popularity: Japanese, Indian, Halal, Italian, Mexican, Chinese, Malaysian, and Thai (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, e)
– more than 900 Asian restaurants throughout New Zealand (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, e)
– Wines:
– whites wines (Chardonnay and Sauvignon Blanc) - achieved an international reputation for excellence – red wines also becoming popular (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, e)
– Bars/lounges/night-clubs (night-life) and entertainment
– Most night-spots, restaurants and cafes serve liquor seven days a week (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, e)
– Age of majority: 18 years old (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, e)
– variety of night-clubs, cabarets, pubs, concerts and live performances (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, e)
– 4 casinos, in Auckland, Christchurch, Dunedin and Queenstown (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, e)
– All public places – non-smoking (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, e)
– first-class concerts and shows (Theatre, orchestral concerts, ballet, rock and jazz) (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, e)
– Sports:
– Rugby – national sport (Wikipedia, 2006)
– Other popular sports: cricket, netball, lawn bowling, soccer, golf, tennis, cycling, softball, surfing, sailing, whitewater kayaking, surf lifesaving sills, rowing, skiing, snowboarding, equestrian (Wikipedia, 2006)
– Hiking, mountaineering, kayaking (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, p)
– Leisure recreation: trip to the beach, bush walk, hiking, mountain climbing (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, p)
– Olympics and Commonwealth Games:
– Very successful – medals-to-population ratio (Wikipedia, 2006)
– many Olympic medals for yachting, windsurfing, kayaking, and rowing (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, p)
– Maori culture:
– rich and varied culture (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, j) (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, n)
– combination of traditional and contemporary arts:
– carving, weaving, kapa haka (group performance), whaikorero (oratory), and moko (tattoo) (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, n)
– art, film, television, poetry, theatre, hip-hop (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, j)
– (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, n)
– marae describes a communal 'plaza' area that includes a wharenui (meeting house) and wharekai (dining room) (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, l)
– marae provides a focus for social, cultural and spiritual life (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, l)
– Māori people define themselves by their iwi (tribe), hapu (sub-tribe), maunga (mountain) and awa (river). Whanau is the name given to family - the term embraces immediate family, in-laws and all those connected by blood ties (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, l)
– Traditional story/myth/legend telling by elders (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, j) (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, l)
– Creation of oral history
– continues today
– teaching of tribal lore, etiquette and genealogy
– form the basis of Māori beliefs
– Māori creation story: (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, j)
– world was formed by the violent separation of Ranginui, the Sky Father, and Papatuanuku, the Earth Mother, by their children
many Māori carvings and artworks graphically depict this struggle. (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, j)
– Story e.g., story of how Maui fished up the North Isl and [ The Story of He Ika A Maui] and how the saddleback got it's name [ The Story of Maui and Tieke], Fishing Up An Island (see Appendix A) (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, j)
– ancient stories are now understood and respected by NZ political leaders
– Traditional wood carving carvers (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, l)
– creates intricate works that tell stories and keep history alive
– stories from carvings can be dictated by those who know how (using/judging by shape of the heads, position of the body as well as the surface patterns work together to record and remember events)
– Powhiri (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, o)
– ceremony of welcome extended to visitors by Maori (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, j) (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, o)
– purpose: to ward off evil spirits and unite both visitor and host in an environment of friendship and peace
– Translation:
– Po - venture into the "unknown" or a new experience
– Whiri - derived from the term Whiriwhiri meaning the act or experience of exchanging information and knowledge
– “A powhiri (formal welcome) at a marae begins with wero (challenge) A warrior from the tangata whenua (hosts) will challenge the manuhiri (guests). He may carry a spear (taiaha) then lay down a token (often a small branch) that the manuhiri will pick up to show they come in peace. Some kuia (women) from the tangata whenua (hosts) will perform a karanga (call/chant) to the manuhiri. Women from the manuhiri will then respond as they move onto the marae in front of their men” (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, j, ¶ 10)
– “Once inside the wharenui (meeting house) on the marae, mihimihi (greetings) and whaikorero (speeches) are made. To reinforce the good wishes of the speeches, waiata (songs) may be sung. It is usual for the manuhiri then present a koha (gift) to the tangata whenua after greeting the hosts with a hongi — the ceremonial touching of noses. After the powhiri, kai (food) may be shared” (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, j, ¶ 11)
– Arrival of Maori art to America (August 4, 2005)
– art and artisans from New Zealand brought and showcased art to San Francisco
– specifics: Ohlone tribe of California welcomed the fully-manned waka (canoe) Te Ika a Maui on the beach at San Francisco's Maritime Park (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, i)
– event is now over, but part of the exhibition continues to tour the US (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, i)
Summary
References
Global Hotel Reservations (2006). Country fact sheet. Retrieved December 14, 2006, from http://www.discountworldhotels.net/newzealand/
New Zealand on the Web. (2006, a). Facts about New Zealand. Retrieved January 6, 2007, from http://www.nz.com/new-zealand/guide-book/facts.aspx
New Zealand on the Web. (2006, b). Language in New Zealand. Retrieved January 6, 2007, from http://www.nz.com/new-zealand/guide-book/language/
New Zealand Tourism Online (2006, c). New Zealand language. Retrieved December 14, 2006, from http://www.tourism.net.nz/new-zealand/about-new-zealand/language.html
New Zealand on the Web. (2006, d). New Zealand National Anthem. Retrieved January 6, 2007, from http://www.nz.com/new-zealand/guide-book/music/
New Zealand on the Web. (2006, e). New Zealand Weather Information. Retrieved January 6, 2007, from http://www.nz.com/new-zealand/guide-book/weather/index.aspx
Te Puni Kokiri. (2000). Maori language and culture statistics. Retrieved, December 11, 2006, from http://www.tpk.govt.nz/maori/language/education.asp
Tourism New Zealand. (2006, a). Arts. Retrieved December 14, 2006, from http://www.newzealand.com/travel/about-nz/culture/culture-arts.cfm
Tourism New Zealand. (2006, b). Arts, culture, and heritage. Retrieved December 14, 2006, from http://www.newzealand.com/travel/sights-activities/activities/arts-culture-heritage/arts-culture-and-heritage-home.cfm
Tourism New Zealand. (2006, c). Creative New Zealand. Retrieved December 14, 2006, from http://www.newzealand.com/travel/about-nz/culture/arts-and-culture-feature/creative-new-zealand.cfm
Tourism New Zealand. (2006, e). Entertainment. Retrieved December 14, 2006, from http://www.newzealand.com/travel/about-nz/key-facts/key-facts-entertainment.cfm
Tourism New Zealand. (2006, f). Key facts introduction. Retrieved December 14, 2006, from http://www.newzealand.com/travel/about-nz/key-facts/new-zealand-key-facts-home.cfm
Tourism New Zealand. (2006, g). Kiwiana. Retrieved December 14, 2006, from http://www.newzealand.com/travel/about-nz/culture/culture-kiwiana.cfm
Tourism New Zealand. (2006, h). Language. Retrieved December 14, 2006, from http://www.newzealand.com/travel/about-nz/key-facts/key-facts-language.cfm
Tourism New Zealand. (2006, i). Maori arts meets America. Retrieved December 14, 2006, from http://www.newzealand.com/travel/sights-activities/events-calendar/toi-maori/toi-maori.cfm
Tourism New Zealand. (2006, j). Maori culture. Retrieved December 14, 2006, from http://www.newzealand.com/travel/about-nz/culture/culture-maori-culture.cfm
Tourism New Zealand. (2006, k). Money matters. Retrieved December 14, 2006, from http://www.newzealand.com/travel/about-nz/key-facts/key-facts-money-matters.cfm
Tourism New Zealand. (2006, l). New Zealand's Tangata Whenua (People of the Land). Retrieved December 14, 2006, from http://www.newzealand.com/travel/about-nz/culture/maori-culture/index.cfm
Tourism New Zealand. (2006, m). People and history. Retrieved December 14, 2006, from http://www.newzealand.com/travel/about-nz/key-facts/key-facts-people-and-history.cfm
Tourism New Zealand. (2006, n). Power & Taboo: Sacred objects from the Pacific. Retrieved December 14, 2006, from http://www.newzealand.com/travel/about-nz/culture/power-&-taboo-maori-art-feature/power-&-taboo-sacred-objects-from-the-pacific.cfm
Tourism New Zealand. (2006, o). Powhiri: New Zealand’s welcoming spirit. Retrieved December 14, 2006, from http://www.newzealand.com/travel/about-nz/culture/powhiri/powhiri-introduction.cfm
Tourism New Zealand. (2006, p). The People. Retrieved December 14, 2006, from http://www.newzealand.com/travel/about-nz/culture/culture-the-people.cfm
Tourism New Zealand. (2006, q). Time differences. Retrieved December 14, 2006, from http://www.newzealand.com/travel/about-nz/key-facts/key-facts-time-differences.cfm
Wikipedia. (2006). New Zealand. Retrieved December 10, 2006, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand
EDITING NOTE: There are **____** references in this paper.
Appendix A
Ancient Maori Story: “Fishing Up An Island” (Tourism New Zealand, 2006, j, ¶ 13)
The creation of New Zealand is described by the legend of Maui. This god was a cheeky trickster who managed, among other things, to harness the sun in order to make the days longer. However, his biggest claim to fame was his fishing up of the North Island, which is described as Te Ika a Maui (the fish of Maui). A look at an aerial map of the North Island will show how closely it resembles a fish. Māori believe the far north to be the tail of the fish and Wellington Harbour the mouth. Māori describe the South Island as Maui’s waka (canoe) and Stewart Island (Rakiura) as his punga (anchor).
Appendix B
New Zealand National Anthem: God Defend New Zealand (New Zealand on the Web, 2006, d, ¶ 3)
God of nations! at Thy feet
In the bonds of love we meet,
Hear our voices, we entreat,
God defend our Free Land.
Guard Pacific's triple star,
From the shafts of strife and war,
Make her praises heard afar,
God defend New Zealand
Men of ev'ry creed and race
Gather here before Thy face,
Asking Thee to bless this place,
God defend our Free Land.
From dissension, envy, hate,
And corruption guard our State,
Make our country good and great,
God defend New Zealand.
Peace, not war, shall be our boast,
But, should foes assail our coast,
Make us then a mighty host,
God defend our Free Land.
Lord of battles in thy might,
Put our enemies to flight,
Let our cause be just and right,
God defend New Zealand.
Let our love for Thee increase,
May Thy blessings never cease,
Give us plenty, give us peace,
God defend our Free Land.
From dishonour and from shame
Guard our country's spotless name
Crown her with immortal fame,
God defend New Zealand.
May our mountains ever be
Freedom's ramparts on the sea,
Make us faithful unto Thee,
God defend our Free Land.
Guide her in the nations' van,
Preaching love and truth to man,
Working out Thy Glorious plan,
God defend New Zealand.
posted by Brad | 7:54 AM
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